¶ 返回的不可变引用的lifetime
比方说,我们在函数f
里创建一个结构体aa: A
来存引用a: &i32
,但是之后我们又想把这个引用返回出去:
struct A<'a> {
: &'a i32,
a}
impl<'a> A<'a> {
fn a(&self) -> &i32 {
self.a
}
}
fn f(a: &i32) -> &i32 {
let aa = A { a: &a };
.a()
aa}
fn main() {
let a = 233i32;
println!("{}", f(&a));
}
这份代码是编译不过的:
error[E0515]: cannot return reference to local variable `aa`
--> life_time.rs:13:5
|
13 | aa.a()
| ^^^^^^ returns a reference to data owned by the current function
error: aborting due to previous error
For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0515`.
根据lifetime elision的原则:https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/lifetime-elision.html#lifetime-elision
A::a()
实际上被编译器认为是这样:
impl<'a> A<'a> {
fn a(&'b self) -> &'b i32 {
self.a
}
}
也就是说编译器认为返回的引用是对整个struct A
的引用。因此我们只需要指定返回的引用的lifetime是'a
即可:
struct A<'a> {
a: &'a i32,
}
impl<'a> A<'a> {- fn a(&self) -> &i32 {
+ fn a(&self) -> &'a i32 {
self.a
}
}
fn f(a: &i32) -> &i32 {
let aa = A { a: &a };
aa.a()
}
fn main() {
let a = 233i32;
println!("{}", f(&a)); }
¶ 返回临时变量里存储的可变引用
比方说,我们在函数f
里创建一个结构体aa: A
来存引用a: &mut i32
,但是之后我们又想把这个可变引用返回出去:
struct A<'a> {
: &'a mut i32,
a}
impl<'a> A<'a> {
fn a(&'a mut self) -> &'a mut i32 {
self.a
}
}
fn f(a: &mut i32) -> &mut i32 {
let mut aa = A { a };
.a()
aa}
fn main() {
let mut a = 233i32;
*f(&mut a) = 2333;
println!("{}", a);
}
这次我们指定了返回值的lifetime。但是仍然有编译报错:
error[E0515]: cannot return reference to local variable `aa`
--> lifetime_mut.rs:13:5
|
13 | aa.a()
| ^^^^^^ returns a reference to data owned by the current function
error: aborting due to previous error
For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0515`.
这是因为上一个例子中的不可变引用是Copy
的,因此作为不可变引用,self.a
是复制一份返回出去,不构成对self
的借用。但是由于同一个对象只允许有一个有效的可变引用,因此可变引用不是Copy
的。因此在此例中,作为可变引用,self.a
要么是move
,要么是对self
的可变借用,这样才能保证可变引用的唯一性。而这里self
也是引用,因此self.a
就借用了self
,也就是报错信息里说的返回值借用了临时值。
因此如果要将self.a
返回出去,需要在A::a()
中将self
给consume:
struct A<'a> {
a: &'a mut i32,
}
impl<'a> A<'a> {- fn a(&'a mut self) -> &'a mut i32 {
+ fn a(self) -> &'a mut i32 {
self.a
}
}
fn f(a: &mut i32) -> &mut i32 {- let mut aa = A { a };
+ let aa = A { a };
aa.a()
}
fn main() {
let mut a = 233i32;
*f(&mut a) = 2333;
println!("{}", a); }
另一个例子:
struct A<'a> {
: &'a mut i32,
a}
fn f<'a, 'b>(aa: &'b mut A<'a>) -> &'a mut i32 {
.a
aa}
fn main() {
let mut a = 233i32;
let mut aa = A { a: &mut a };
*f(&mut aa) = 2333;
println!("{}", a);
}
error[E0623]: lifetime mismatch
--> move_ref_mut.rs:6:5
|
5 | fn f<'a, 'b>(aa: &'b mut A<'a>) -> &'a mut i32 {
| ------------- -----------
| |
| this parameter and the return type are declared with different lifetimes...
6 | aa.a
| ^^^^ ...but data from `aa` is returned here
error: aborting due to previous error
For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0623`.
可以看到,由于这里aa.a
是对aa
的可变借用,因此需要让aa
与返回值具有同样的生命周期:
struct A<'a> {
a: &'a mut i32,
}
-fn f<'a, 'b>(aa: &'b mut A<'a>) -> &'a mut i32 {
+fn f<'a>(aa: &'a mut A<'a>) -> &'a mut i32 {
aa.a
}
fn main() {
let mut a = 233i32;
let mut aa = A { a: &mut a };
*f(&mut aa) = 2333;
println!("{}", a); }